Design slow sand filtration unit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Design slow sand filtration unit - Assignment Example Disinfection It is any process that deactivates, removes contaminants or kills pathogens that may be present in water. It is usually the last step in the household water treatment process and comes after sedimentation and filtration. Effective size This refers to the size opening read from the grain size distribution graph that will only pass 10% of the sand. Hygiene Various practices, for example hand washing, which help ensure both cleanliness and good health. Filtration It is the process of allowing water to flow (pass) through the layers of a porous material, such as sand, with the aim of removing pathogens and any suspended solids. It is carried out as the second step in the household water disinfection and treatment process and comes after sedimentation and before the disinfection process. Flow rate It is the time taken to fill a certain container of water, most often a one litre container. It is measured once the slow sand filter is fully filled with water. Nutrient This refer s to any that is used by microorganisms for both survival and growth. Although this term is applied to refer to phosphorous and nitrogen in contaminated water, it can also be used to describe other chemicals. Pathogen This term refers to any disease causing living organism. The pathogens that are most commonly found in water are protozoa, bacteria, viruses and helminthes. Pores These are the small spaces between the grains of sand that allow water to pass through them. Sanitation It is maintaining clean and hygienic conditions that ensure prevention of diseases through services like garbage collection and proper waste disposal. Sedimentation It is the process used in settling out solids and particles that are suspended in water under the influence of gravity. Suspended solids These are small solid particles that fall in water and thereby causing turbidity. They are removed through the sedimentation or filtration process. Turbidity Turbidity is caused by the suspended solids that flo at in water such as sand, clay and silt. It is used to refer to the quantity of light that is reflected off these particles suspended in the water and which make the water look dirty or cloudy. It is measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Uniformity coefficient It is a measure of how poorly or well sorted the sand is. It is the size of opening that is read from the grain size distribution graph that will allow pass of 60% of the sand divided by the size opening that will allow passing of 10% of the sand. Water quality Refers to the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of water. The level of the quality of the water to be used varies depending on the purpose for which it is intended. Wet harrowing This is a technique used in cleaning slow sand water filters whereby the sand surface is agitated gently in order to stir up the bio layer. The cloudy water is then drained off and then afterwards, the filter is allowed to operate for a number of days in order to re-establish the bio layer. Abstract Also known as a bio sand filter, slow sand filters have been used as a technique of water filtration since the nineteenth century. The most widely used version of slow sand filters used is constructed using concrete and has a height of 95 cm and a width of 36 cm and with a flow rate of 20-40 liters per hour. There are over 80, 000 filters used in 36 countries. There are various modifications which

Energy Crisis Essay Example for Free

Energy Crisis Essay Every country in the world uses energy. For example: to cook. It is becoming one of the basic needs in life. But where does the energy come from? In the year 2008, 85% of the power that we are using was nonrenewable energy, which means that someday, these energies will be gone. However, right now, there are people who have started using renewable energy such as solar energy. There are more than 7 billion people in the world right now and it will keep rising while the energy resources are depleting. Even though there are many energies that are renewable, the renewable energies are harder to make use of, which is one of the reasons why not many people use them. Also, they require some advanced technology. If we don’t find something else to replace oil, coal and natural gas, we won’t have the energy to use in the future. One of the forms of the renewable energy is solar energy. Solar energy uses energy from sunlight to create energy for our home. Sunlight is a clean, renewable resource. There are many ways to get energy from sunlight, such as the photovoltaic (PV) panels, converting sunlight into electricity and solar electricity, using the sun’s heat to produce electricity. Solar cells, or the photovoltaic panels, convert sunlight directly into electricity. We can often find solar cells in calculators and watches. Since solar cells are made up of semiconducting materials, materials whose conductivity will increase with temperature, sunlight will lose their electrons, allowing the electrons to flow through semiconducting materials to produce electricity when sunlight is absorbed. Solar electricity is separated into three kinds: parabolic-trough, dish/engine, and power tower. Parabolic-trough concentrates the sunlight through mirrors. The mirror will be tilted towards the sun, heating the oil that is flowing in the pipe inside the panel. Heated oil will then be used to boil water to produce electricity. The dish/engine is a dish-shaped mirror that will collect heat from sunlight and transfer it to the fluid within the engine. The heat would cause the fluid to expand and produce mechanical power. A power tower system uses a large field of mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto the top of a tower. This heat will melt salt that flows through the receiver and the salts heat will be used to generate electricity through a conventional steam generator. With different kinds of solar panel, the price varies in the range from $5,000 to $30,000, depending on the effectiveness and the amount of energy you use. Even though the solar panels are expensive, many people still use them since they think that solar energy is energy-efficient and green. One of the advantages solar energy has is being renewable. As long as there are living things on this planet, there will always be solar energy since we get solar energy from sunlight. Even though sunlight is not present at night, the solar energy could still be stored by charging the batteries during the day and be used at night. We could then get more sunlight on the next day. Moreover, solar energy creates absolutely no pollution or noise, unlike other machines. It doesn’t damage the environment by emitting greenhouse gases or polluting water, air or land. By using this source of energy, the air will be cleaner and it helps stop the global warming. Other than this, in the long term, the solar energy is much cheaper than the energy resources we are using now. Even though it is expensive, initially the maintenance requirement is very small and the service life is around 30 years. The main disadvantage of solar energy is that it is extremely expensive. This is mostly why nowadays, not many people use solar energy. The price is unaffordable. Furthermore, since our world is polluted, the rain or the clouds could block sunlight from getting to the panels, making it ineffective. With a cloudy climate, the panels will be able to produce sunlight at a slower rate and may require more panels to generate enough electricity for your house, which will require more money. Even though using solar energy in houses might not require huge amount of area, big buildings do. To use the solar panels to their maximum ability, they need to be in the sun. With bigger buildings, you will need many more panels and to get them to work to their maximum ability, you will need a huge amount of area for the panels to be in the sunlight. Even though solar energy has some disadvantages, the advantages still overweight the disadvantages since energies are running out and this solar energy is everywhere. If we can get all of the energy that was sent to this planet, we could light the entire planet for one year within an hour. But the problem with this is we cant. If we can find a way to harvest this energy, we can have as much electricity as we want until the end of the human generation. Right now, there are many renewable energies that scientists have found but they are not yet the best way to solve the energy crisis. Therefore, scientists are still searching for new forms of energy. Dark energy is another form of energy that is very useful to mankind. In the universe, it is composed of up to 74% dark energy. What is dark energy? Dark energy is the unexplained force that causes the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. Even though there is no evidence that the dark energy does exist, people agree that it does since they believe that the universe had a beginning, and is expanding. Other than dark energy, the underwater pressure can be another useful energy resource. Beneath the water surface, there is a potential constant source of unused hydroelectric power in the form of deep water pressure. According to Rick Dickson, he had invented a way to harvest this deep water pressure by transferring its pressure to air and then to a piston. The name of this process is called Ocean Pressure Electric Conversion. Therefore, as we know, the dark energy and the hydroelectric power are very powerful; if we could get dark energy by using a similar way to the way we get solar energy and harvest the water pressure, Im positive that we would never run out of energy again. Works Cited World Energy Crisis . World Energy Crisis . N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http://planetforlife.com/. Disadvantages Of Solar Energy. Natural Renewable Energy Sources Clean Energy Ideas. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/articles/disadvantages_of_solar_energy.html. Disadvantages of Solar Power Solar Energy Disadvantages Disadvantages of Solar Energy. Go Green with Solar Energy. N.p., n.d. Web.

Background To Spain And Sector Focused Tourism Essay

Background To Spain And Sector Focused Tourism Essay Spain is located in South-western Europe; Spain borders the North Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and Pyrenees Mountains. Spain is famous for its spectacular festivals for example, Bull fighting, carnivals, fiestas, delicious food, stunning beaches and glorious weather. Spain has the fifth largest economy within Europe and being the twelve large economy in the world. (Spain Country Brief) Spain is the biggest producer of Olive Oil and third biggest producer of Wine. Spain has also got the second biggest tourism industry in the world, which is Spains main source of income in terms of economics, which contributes nearly 11% of Spains GDP and employing around 2million people (Economy Watch). A definition of tourism is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environments for personal business/professional purposes (UNTWO: Understanding Tourism). Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Due to the development of jet aircraft this has allowed destinations in many countries to be developed across the globe, allowing tourism to grow significantly. Today people have more spare leisure time so people place much more value on holidays, travelling and experiencing visiting new destinations. (S, Page J, Connell, 2006). Definition of Tourism Demand: A definition of tourism demand from an economic approach is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The schedule of the amount of any product or service that people are willing and able to buy at each specific price in a set of possible prices during a specified period of time (Cooper, et al, 1998). It is important to monitor tourism demand because it is what can make a business suffer. For example, it is the total amount of people which stay in accommodation, how many people book flights, tickets into attractions, car hire, insurance and other ancillary service. If the demand is low and organisations dont monitor the demand then the tourism organisation can suffer. An example, is the tour operator Thomas Cook when they had to close around 200 stores and cut fleet because they had a net loss of  £521(million) (Bloomberg), Thomas Cook has also had to cut fleets to several destinations and cut five Spanish Hotels so they have had to buy thousands of seats and link with Easy Jet to make profit, they didnt mon itor the demand of tourist therefore are suffering now. Environment Analysis (PEST): The term PEST analysis has been used to describe the MACRO environment the PEST analysis includes political, economic, social-cultural and technological factors (D, Jobber), these factors are uncontrollable within organisations and the demand for travel. For example, political factors can determine whether people travel such as, foreign currency restrictions, regulations including paid holidays, pensions and working hours. Some economic factors that may result in demand for travel to be decreased include disposable income and employment, social-cultural factors include, cultural differences, social/cultural class and some technological factors include improvements in transport, online on how people now book holidays. These factors determine whether a tourist will want to travel, which again they may have no say in whether they can travel. An example from the PEST analysis that can determine whether a tourist travels to Spain is exchange rates and recession (under economics). The recession has recently been in the media about the recession in Spain. Spain and Greece are upon the countries in Europe that are being affected by the recession the worst which are leading to riots in many towns/cities within Spain. According to (The Money Updater Article), people in Spain have been forced to sell their homes or being evicted due to people of Spain not paying their bank loans due to rising unemployment and a reduction in benefits. In Spain it is said that 38 people have been arrested and 64 seriously injured. (The Money Updater). With riots occurring frequently this is going to put many tourists off travelling to Spain as it may be seen as a dangerous place to visit. Tourism is Spains second biggest industry accounting for 11% GDP, so Spain has to try and minimise political issues, so tourism can still be an appeal for inboun d tourist. Another reason which can determine whether tourist demand will increase or decrease is exchange rates. As many countries suffer due to the recession, many people do not have much disposable income than before so therefore exchange rates can determine whether a person will travel to Spain. In this economic climate the pound/euro against the dollar is weak, so this may put people of travelling to Spain and will opt to travel to America where they will get more value for money. When the pound and Euro are weak prices in everyday items increase including food/drink and people dont want to pay over the odd prices. When the pound and Euro are strong then people will travel to Spain because things become cheaper and it will make people want to travel. If people from the UK want to travel to Spain and exchange GBP and Euros of  £250.00 this will be converted to 307 Euros (XE: Currency Converter) the pound and euro is weak but travelling to Spain you still get more than you would travelling to the UK for a holiday where if you convert 250 Euros to GBP you will only get  £203 back which will not be appealing for tourist as they have lost money, so this may well be appealing for tourist wanting to travel to Spain because there money will go further. Key Determinants of Tourism Demand to Spain: There are many different types of determinants that determine whether a tourist will travel that link to the PEST analysis these include, price such as, recession, disposable income, inflation and exchange rates, transport development, online development, cultural factors, government restrictments such as VISA policies. The higher the product/service is the consumer is not likely to purchase and the lower demand is to travel, but the lower the price of the product the higher the demand will determine travel to that Spain. There are different types of demands which can determine whether a person will travel to Spain these include; effective or actual demand, these are tourists that actually do travel and can easily be measured. There is also supressed demand it is section of the population that do not wish to travel for some reason, even in the 20th century few people do not travel to international destinations but many people do participate in domestic tourism. There are two different types of elements these include potential demand; this could be mean that a person will want to travel to Spain or other destinations but due to different circumstances such as, not as much disposable income or work commitments they will opt to travel in the future and make plans for the future, but if circumstances change where they may get paid holidays and therefore opt to travel they may go into the effective demand category. Another category can include deferred demand, this considers environmental issues in a desti nation such as, lack of accommodation, weather conditions or terrorist activity, and those in the differed demand may opt to travel elsewhere or in the future. Finally, there is a demand called; no demand, where people just dont have no desire in travelling at all now or in the future, this can link to different social classes on for example the older generation may not have no desire to travel because of the cost of travel insurance and other expenses. (Cooper, et al, 1998) Recession is a key determinate that determines whether a person will travel to Spain. Why this effects people to travel or not to travel is because this may cause a person to be made unemployed or salary cuts or inflation rates (everyday items increasing) If the recession is effecting a person they may make future plans to travel when more paid holidays will be given or they have more disposable income. According to (ETN Global Travel Industry News), in 2009, Spains tourism declined by 10% and in 2008 30.2million people visited Spain but this decline by 10.3million in 2009 due to the recession and people not have any spare disposable income. Domestic tourism did increase, with more people taking frequent holidays and not travelling abroad, this may also be to do with recession too. Another factor that can determine whether a tourist will travel is weather conditions in Spain. The recession has hit people hard around the world, but luckily Spain has good weather, in the Spanish Islands such as Lanzarote where the weather is good all year round, because Spain has a good climate reaching highest temperatures of around 27-30 degrees in some parts of Spain which is appealing to tourists coming from countries with cold climates such as the UK, so they will pay for tourism product because of the climate. Another reason that can determine whether a tourist will travel to Spain is Travel TAX, this links to political factors on the PEST analysis. According to (BBC News, 2012), Tourist travelling to Spain may face extra Airport TAX, passengers have been emailed which say they have to pay extra additional costs even if they paid for their holiday well in advance. Spain have done this to cut deficit, but this is a factor that is definitely going to put tourist of travelling to Spain, airport tax is already expensive, tourist will opt to travel to Spain in the future or travel elsewhere. The budget airline Ryan Air is also considering cutting fleet to some of Spains airports. Another factor that determines whether a tourist will travel to Spain is transport development. The development of budget airlines has allowed people from all walks life rich or poor to travel there preferred destinations extremely cheaply. This will appeal to tourist as they can get flights extremely cheap to luxurious locations in Spain. Motivation of Demand to Spain: nzte: Spains Country Brief. Available: http://www.nzte.govt.nz/explore-export markets/europe/doing-business-in-spain/pages/spain-country-brief.aspx.Last accessed 3/12/12. Economy Watch: Tourism Industry. Available: http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/spain/industry-sector-industries.html.Last accessed 3/12/12. UNWTO: Understanding Tourism. Available: http://media.unwto.org/en/content/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary.Last accessed 3/12/12. S, Page and J, Connell (2006). Tourism a Modern Synthesis. 2nd ed. London: Cengage Learning EMEA. 4 C, Cooper, J, Fletcher, A, Fyall, D, Gilbert S, Wanhill (2004). Principles and Practises of Tourism. 2nd ed. London: Prentice Hall. 38 [A] C, Cooper, J, Fletcher, A, Fyall, D, Gilbert S, Wanhill (2004). Principles and Practises of Tourism. 2nd ed. London: Prentice Hall. 39. [B] This is Money Reporter. (2012). Book with Thomas Cook, fly with Easy Jet struggling package holiday giant to buy thousands of seats from budget airline. Available: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-2200617/Thomas-Cook-buy-thousands-seats-easyJet.html.Last accessed 4/12/12. Clementine Fletcher Armorel Kenna. (2011). Thomas Cook to close 200 U.K stores, cut fleet after loss. Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-14/thomas-cook-to-close-200-u-k-shops-cut-fleet-after-loss-2-.html. Last accessed 4/12/12. David Jobber (2007). Principles and Practises of Marketing. 5th ed. Berkshire: McGraw-Hil. 77. Jennifer. (2012). The Euro Zone Erupts with Rioting in Spain and Greece. Available: http://themoneyupdate.com/tag/riots-in-spain/. Last accessed 4/12/12. XE: Currency Converter. Available: http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert/?Amount=250From=EURTo=GBP. Last accessed 4/12/12 ETN Global Travel News. (2009). Spain Projects 10% Decline in Foreign Visitors. Available: http://www.eturbonews.com/11458/spain-projects-10-decline-foreign-visitors.Last accessed 4/12/12. BBC News. (2012). Tourist to Spain face extra airport TAX. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18720587.Last accessed 4/12/12.

The Use of Simulations in Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

The Use of Simulations in Education Abstract The purpose of my paper is to define simulations, discuss their value for educational purposes, and review some possible concerns regarding their use. Simulations Defined Simulations offer society the opportunity to play out strategic moves to see the outcome before actually committing oneself to a real-life plan. "They can, for instance, empower biologists to explore the growth of cells, network managers to analyze the flow of information, city planners to play through complex growth and pollution scenarios, school children to experience the fragility of food webs, and more" (Ioannidou and Repenning, 1999, p.1). Due to a desire to develop models that deal with highly, complex phenomena or issues, computer simulations were born. The basis for their creation was strongly linked with technological innovation. Increased access to computer simulation tools has therefore facilitated the exploration of complex issues, which were formerly beyond reach using the more traditional analytical methods (Windrum, 1999, p.1) Simulations have become a new way of communicating, much like e-mail only interactive. A simulation requires a computer with high resolution graphics, Internet access, and if using the web, interactive simulations can be accessed through web browsers (Ioannidous and Repenning, p.1). According to Ioannidou and Repenning, simulations are a powerful communication tool for exchanging complex ideas. "When packaged as Java applets, simulations are also a good way to convey these ideas everywhere and support distance learning" (p.1). One recent example of a simulation that we, as a class, had the opportunity to investigate was posted on the list s... ...quires more than just good software. For business and industry [as well as education], to take real advantage of this software, they have to show a real commitment to training and education" (Garnet, p. 3). References Chapman, Kenneth; Sorge, Christine. (1999). Can a simulation help achieve course objectives? An exploratory study investigating differences among instructional tools. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 74 (pp. 225). Garnett, Jeremy. (1999). The last word on simulation. IIE Solutions: Vol. 31 (p. 45). Ioannidou, Andri; Repenning, Alexander. (1999). End-User programmable simulations. Dr. Dobbs Journal: Vol. 24 (p. 40). Lopez, Asbel. (1999). Pretending for real. UNESCO Courier: Vol. 52 (p. 14). Windrum, Paul. (1999). Simulation models of technological innovation. American Behavioral Scientist: Vol. 42 (p. 1531).

Consumer Behavior In The Fashion Industry Essay

Introduction This study is aimed at analyzing the consumer behavior towards the fashion industry especially in consideration young and mature women in London. Fashions are concerned with the production of fashion clothing. Most consumers in the world today are concerned with the features of the product as they form most important factor in determining the consumer behaviors. Take for example of products of fashion show for young and mature women. The industry is involved in the manufacture clothing. Due to increase and growth of consumerism, the clothing should come up with clothes that make women move with times thus increasing consumption and production. Consumer behavior in the automotive industry especially in consideration to general motors is influenced by culture factors, social factors, Personal factors and Psychological factors. Look more:  the consumer buying process begins when essay RESEARCH OBJECTIVES   The answers to this question will enhance my professional knowledge and competence in many ways.   As a professional I will understand factors influencing consumption in the industry and will enable me make recommendations on improving the fashions market share.The answers to this question also will assist me as a professional by motivating me to ensure that that I work improves their products. 1)To review literature on fashion behaviour and the factors influencing 2)To compare and contrast the buying behaviour of mature and young woman in London regarding buying of fashion clothing 3)To identified the key factors influencing the buying process of fashion clothing in young and mature woman in London 4)To provide recommendation to manufacture of fashion clothing and fashion retailer. Scope of the study The scoop of the study follows literature review of factors influencing. The researcher manages the entire gamut of processes from initial stage of identifying the problem to final stage of report writing. The capabilities required by the researcher in this research in managing the entire project and providing real time for information sharing, decision synchronization and research optimization to all stake holders. What are necessary attribute required by a researcher to manage the dynamics of marketing based on the requirements by industry. However, this study assumes that other factors like family background financial, stability of the family place of birth, race, have no impact on the consumer behaviors. The proposed study will be used as a supplementary framework to focus entirely on the competence of the research. The objects of the study will include; Experimental Correlation Survey Grounded theory Ethnography Narrative Mixed method Action research. This study will be based on a process based on experiment using practical’s as a platform to develop method which will be used as evaluation criteria for the research and researcher in this research question and future researchers The critical review Literature review Consumer behavior in the consumption of any product any where in the world is influenced by culture factors, social factors, Personal factors and Psychological factors. Culture factors In world today culture is one of the most fundamental determinants for one when deciding the product to consume. This is because of a wide range of products and services.   Most of the people due to their cultural influence have started preferring certain products.   Children growing up will learn the culture of parents or peers thus preferring specific values that are crucial to a determining consumption. One of the values they like most is comfort.   These values common in children remain in them even if they grow up. From the culture, somebody may develop certain spending patterns is not something strange.   A child growing up in specific culture is exposed to achievement, success, beliefs and other cultural factors that influence behavior towards consumption. Cultural factors real influence a consumer behavior. Where people believe in values like efficiency and practicality it will influence their consumption is such a situation products that are known to be very efficient in their operations will be preferred. Each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide more specific identifications.   To its some people consist of racial groups such as the Africans, Americans, Europeans and Asian each have good distinct cultural styles.   They are known to prefer products for example consumption of pork may be rare in middle east because culture and religion. Social factor   Another factors consumer behavior is greatly influenced by social factors like statuses, family and reference groups.   When once goes to the market to purchase a product he will take consideration to his membership groups, social class and family.   These are groups having direct influence to once buying decisions.   These are the groups one associates with most of his time. We have some groups like the upper class prefer buying some products which are not preferred by lower class.   Since companies produces many types of products that fulfill needs this groups and attracts many people.   The influence of a family is very great.   These families using specifics brands greatly encourage their family members to also consume similar products. Co-worker also influence one’s buying decision.   If a boss buys a given commodity the juniors will also try to buy the same. People are also influenced by reference groups in three ways.   Reference groups usually expose a person to a new behavior and lifestyle.   One can belong to a group whose lifestyle believes at consuming a certain product.   If a company produces high quality brands it stands at a better chance of making more sales to such reference group. Reference groups also influence one’s attitudes because their desires fit in these groups. People may prefer some products from a certain company, hence once could like to join his friend or family member towards belonging to the same social class by buying a that product. Also reference groups influence similarity and conformity that may make a person to alive at a specific decision.   So doing one will eventually buy a product similar to that of his friend. People who are in the same social class share similar values, interests, and behavior.   For example there is upper class people who are social elite with a good family background. Personal factors Age and life cycle stage greatly influence consumer buying behavior of almost all products from all industries. Most Bachelors tend to prefer specific brands associated by most youths. But those who are newly married, young and better of financially prefer buying consume different products. In making the final decision of buying a product one’s personal characteristics like his age and life-cycle stage, lifestyle, occupation, economic circumstances and personality will influence his choice. Companies take much consideration to personal characteristics of various groups of people before coming up with a product in order to meet the needs and demand of its people. A child growing up and exposed to some values like material comfort, external comfort and achievement and success will be influenced by those characteristics to consume. For example in America people like buying products that gives them external comfort. People in various professions like occupation managers, school heads, senior government officers, mayors, engineers, lawyers and physicians usually buy some products with the most recent technology. Economic circumstances also influence once buying pattern.   Most people especially those who are highly paid with good saving and with good personnel incomes buy expensive products. The lifestyle of a person influences his or her buying pattern.   People may belong to the same occupation, social class and subculture but leading different lifestyles usually prefer products that feed that group. Personality and self-concept: Personality and self confidence also influence consumers buying behavior products and services. For example expensive car, which are electronically controlled and having four wheel drive systems are associated with people who have high Self-confidence Psychological factors Motivation: some people get satisfied when they buy specific products.   people feel that they have satisfied specific needs by buying certain goods and services. Perception: once a person has been motivated he is willing and ready to act.   Most people to be motivated in order to act will depend mostly on their perceptions of the situation. Two people in the same motivated state may act differently depending on how they perceive the situation. A product may appeal to the perception of a specific customer.   For example various colors that cars are attractive giving customers a good picture of the real quality of this car. Beliefs and attitudes: most people follow some set of belief when making a decision on the type of product to consumer. A belief about a certain product will also influence consumption.   These beliefs make up brand images and most people have been proved to act on these images. People always have good attitude towards specific products and if this product meets the performance according to the needs, desire and attitudes consumption will be influenced. METHODOLOGY: The purpose of the study is to find out factors that influence fashion consumption in UK. The phenomenological research design that will be used will involve a study of the consumer behaviors and consumption in fashion industry. This particular study will be done in two phases where the first phase will involve completion of a questionnaire which is commonly known as a questionnaire survey by individuals. This questionnaire survey will be done on a sample of twenty fashion show owners within London . And the second phase will involve the use of some interview which will be in some way semi structured. Each given phase in this design will address the different research questions and their concerns. At some point within the first phase, there will be cases of the first qualitative phase relying on the some quantitative phases that might have been in use in the design. The interviews that will be used in the design will be carried out in a sample of twenty fashion show owners. The interviews will serve to give out information concerning buying behaviors’ among women. These surveys will therefore give some contextual information about the consumption of a specific fashion. Some studies will be conducted using single stage designs and others like this one will be conducted using the two-stage design. When using the two stage design, the contextualization that will be given in the first stage will be very much helpful (Jasper, 1994). The survey will provide a specific frame for which sampling will be done from for the semi structured interviews that will be done on the fashion operators and buyers. And gaining access to the twenty fashion owners will be very essential to getting the right information concerning the consumption of fashion among young and mature women from the sampled group of a given part of city which will be a representation of the whole population of the young and mature. The given questionnaires will have the contacts so that the used sample can be contacted incase more information will be needed. The quantitative data that will be gotten from the phase of questionnaire survey will now be used to get through to the qualitative sample. The questionnaire surveys have always been made with the above additional purpose in mind. In the cases where one researcher will have to make attachments of qualitative sub samples to samples that will be statistically derived will lead to another mixed method of designs in qualitative research methods (George, 2000). Such mixed methods of designs will most of the time benefit the qualitative researchers in that they give them the chance to have a selection of the specific cases from which they will be able to draw upon information that will be contextual that will also enable them to put their hypothesis under test on a large samples that will be statistically be represented. Therefore in most cases, the researcher will have to be decided on which research design he will use in his project. Some researchers do use multiple designs while others will use single designs. This purely depends on the project that one is doing and which research design the researcher will be most comfortable with. There are three major components in a research design model and they are; determination of the limits of the people to be investigated and also what will be investigated, the collection of data and the last component is the analysis of the collected data in a phenomenological manner. In the first component, the researcher will have to know to what limits the participants in the survey will get in trying to give him the required information. Here the researcher will have to put in mind the limits of the twenty fashion owners in trying to give him information as far as matters of fashion consumption. In addition, the researcher will have to have specific issues which he would want to research on (Joan, 2004). At this point in time, the researcher will have to carry out his project purely on the safety of the crane operators. In trying to get information, the phenomenologist will have to engage himself in an in-depth probing so that quality information may be found. After identifying the sample group that will help in giving the required information, the following step will now involve identifying the most efficient data collection methods. The following methods will be the most preferred methods for this particular survey; the in-depth semi structured interviews that will have to be tape recorded and later on be transcribed. The second data collection method will be the use of a documentary study from which the writings of the subject matter will have to be reviewed so that their meanings can be properly derived from them. This second method will be used hand in hand with the first method (Johnson, 2000). The third and the last data collection method will be the technique of the participant observation. This particular technique will lead to a generation of some kind of an interview. It will be worth noting that in phenomenological research tape recording is important because the tapes will later be transcribed. Sampling designs strategies in qualitative research. There are many different qualitative sampling designs that will be used at the different stages of the research or still they will be used for the different purposes of the research. There are those questions that the researchers should constantly be asking themselves which will serve to give relevant information on the sampling strategy design that the researcher would have chosen to use. It will be very crucial for the researcher to give a clear definition of the objectives of the research. The time that will be spent making clarification with the client will be a time that will be well spent (Kendy, 19976). Most of the times, in qualitative research, the objectives of the project might be refined as the research will keep on progressing. Sometimes the available resources will try to undermine the progress of a researcher’s project. This should be prevented to happen by considering the available human resources to the project at hand and also the nature of the method of data collection. The length of interview that is the qualitative interview will have a great impact on the qualitative sampling design strategy and the final decision of the given sample size. For instance longer interviews will provide detailed data than shorter interviews. With this in mind a decision may be taken on whether to carry out longer or shorter interviews.The sampling size should also be put in mind. This will basically depend on the homogeneous or the heterogeneous nature of the population to be sampled and the requirements of the methods of the data collection that will be employed in this research. Data analysis After the researcher will collect the data, she/he will tabulate the data into tables and analyze it using frequencies descriptive and percentages. The processing of the survey results. The processing of the survey results need not to wait until has been completed, but can begin as soon as the first questionnaires are received. The main steps are; Coding. Nowadays the computer is used widely to process information. For that reason it is often advisable to code the information or even use a preceded questionnaire to facilitate the necessary processing and calculations. Punching. Subsequently the information can be punched for computer purposes. Data tabulation. With the aid of a computer, raw tables may be compiled. These tales are often only preliminary and may serve as guidelines for further analyses and condensed into possibly more meaningful tables. Statistical processing. With the previous step as a basis the information can be processed further until it yields objectives and clear answers to the problem or opportunity which is being investigated. REFERENCES Aaker, D.A., Keller, K.L. (2000), â€Å"Consumer evaluations of brand extensions†, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54 pp.27-41.    Bloom P.N. and   Greyser S. A. (1981);   ‘The Maturity of Consumerism’ Harvad Business Review, Nov-Dec. 1981 pp 130-139) Charles, K. (1990). Methods used in Research. Social Science, 29(10), 1160-1178. Cole Gerald ‘2004; management theory and practice; 6th Edition, TJ International, Pad stow, Cornwall. Creswell, J. (1998). Guidelines to choosing the best research design. Phenomenology, 34, 234-245. Dacin, P.A., Smith, D.C. (2004), â€Å"The effect of brÐ °nd portfolio characteristics on consumer evaluations of brÐ °nd extensions†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 31 pp.197-207. George, H.   (2000). Qualitative research design illustrated.   Journal of Qualitative Methods, 34, 246-257. Jasper, A.  Ã‚   (1994). Phenomenological issues for project researchers.   Phenomenological research method, 4 , 409-414. Johnson, K. (2000). Commonly used research methods. Boston: St. Martin’s Keller, K.L. (2003), â€Å"Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity†, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57 pp.1-22. Keller, K.L., Aaker, D.A. (2002), â€Å"ThÐ µ effects of sequential introduction of brÐ °nd extensions†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 29 pp.35-50. Klein, A. (2003). What is phenomenology?   New York: SUNY Press. Kotler P., 1989, marketing management; Analysis, planning, implementation and control, 6th Edition; Prentice-hall, India (NewDelhi) Loken, B., John, D.R. (2003), â€Å"Diluting brand beliefs: when do brand extensions have a negative impact?†, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57 pp.71-84. Nakamoto, K., MacInnis, D.J., Jung, H-S. (2003), â€Å"Advertising claims and evidence as bases for brÐ °nd equity and consumer evaluations of brÐ °nd extensions†, in Aaker, D.A., Biel, A. (Eds),BrÐ °nd Equity & Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong BrÐ °nds, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp.281-97. Park, C.W., Jaworski, B.J., MacInnis, D.J. (2006), â€Å"Strategic brand concept – image management†, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 50 pp.135-45. Park, C.W., Milberg, S., Lawson, R. (2001), â€Å"Evaluation of brÐ °nd extensions: thÐ µ role of product feature similarity and brÐ °nd concept consistency†, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 18 pp.185-93. Richard, S. (2002). Methods used in social research. Oxford: OUP. Ries, A., Trout, J. (2006), Positioning: ThÐ µ Battle for Your Mind, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY., . Robson, C. (2000). The Handbook of Research Methodology. Oxford: Blackwell. Romeo, J.B. (2001), â€Å"ThÐ µ effect of negative information on thÐ µ evaluations of brÐ °nd extensions and thÐ µ family brÐ °nd†, in Holman, R.H., Solomon, M.R. (Eds),Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 18.   Rowe, D., Bartleman, D., Khirallah, M. Smydra, M., Keith, G., and Ponder, M. (1999), .Reduce cynicism and apathy and create positive change agents: Essential and missing components of our educational curricula. Tauber, E.M. (2003), â€Å"Fit and leverage in brÐ °nd extensions†, in Aaker, D.A., Biel, A. (Eds),BrÐ °nd Equity & Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong BrÐ °nds, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp.313-18. Wright, T., (2001), .A review of definitions and frameworks for sustainability in higher education draft, Assessing Progress Toward Sustainability in Higher Education consultation presentation paper, Washington, D.C.

The Women of the Great Gatsby

The Women of the Great Gatsby Free Online Research Papers F Scott Fitzgerald was actually quite pro the emancipated women based on an analysis of the characters of women he portrays. Three female archetypes of femininity are given. All three characters of Jordon Baker, Daisy Buchanan, and Myrtle Wilson in varying degrees range from very liberated to oppressed. The Great Gatsby was written during the first wave of feminism. The great achievement of that era was the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the right for women to vote. In retrospect the liberations that took place during this time period pale in comparison with the outcomes of the modern day third wave of feminism. Yet for that time it was radical. With this change the behavior and dress style of women changed as well. The paradigm of thought was that â€Å"Women were the guardians of morality; they were made of finer stuff than men and were expected to act accordingly.† (Allen pg.76, 1931) This ideal very much contrasted with the ne w lewd and wanton archetype of the flapper. â€Å"The flappers wore thin dresses, short sleeved and occasionally (in the evening) sleeveless†. (Allen pg.77, 1931) Women emulated the flapper in style, and in some regions of the country in behavior. Jordon Baker is ultimately Fitzgerald’s golden girl. She is born free with haughty and bratty mannerisms. Within the course of the novel her hands stay clean. She is neither an adulteress, mistress, nor a murderer. Her lifestyle is one of a socialite golfer. She can choose to either be married or stay single. She is not constrained by economic burdens that would push her into matrimony for the sake of economic gain. Thus her life is carefree. She keeps the bourgeois Nick Carraway as a companion even though marriage with him is out of the question. Her body type is that of the flapper, â€Å"She was a slender, small breasted girl, with an erect carriage, which she accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet.† (Fitzgerald, 1925) Nick picked up on the fact that Jordon’s disposition was masculine and rational; she was a player on and off the golf course. â€Å"Jordan Baker instinctively avoided clever, shrewd men, and now I saw that this was because she felt safer on a plane where any divergence from a code would be thought impossible. She was incurably dishonest. She wasn’t able to endure being at a disadvantage and given this unwillingness, I suppose she had begun dealing in subterfuges when she was very young in order to keep that cool, insolent smile turned to the world and yet satisfy the demands of her hard, jaunty body.† (Fitzgerald, 1925) In comparison to the plight of the other characters she walks away all limbs intact and is not an active participant of any of the tragic events that unfolded. She is the smart and strategic golf player who stays safe. She marries a man that she chooses and is left to be a player with acumen. Daisy Buchanan was trapped in a marriage to a violent and sexist brute of a man, Tom Buchanan. She is quite a contrast to the bold Jordan Baker. She has an unstable and flighty disposition. Even though Tom is an old money Yale man he is not her true love. She gave up on waiting for her true love Gatsby because he did not come from old money. Daisy tolerates Tom’s philandering ways. She carries on with an open affair with Gatsby to even the score with Tom who carries on an affair with Myrtle Wilson.â€Å"It was quite another thing for a man or women in whom the ideal of romantic marriage had been ingrained since early childhood to tolerate infidelities when they actually took place.† (pg.104 Allen, 1931). This quote summarizes why Daisy allowed Tom’s adulterous ways. Despite this being the era in which the first wave of feminism took place, being divorced in high society was not acceptable behavior. Daisy gives in to the paradigms of marriage in 1920â₠¬â„¢s society. In the midst of this she loses a bit of her sanity and her true love. Alcoholism plays a part in Daisy’s flighty disposition. She held on to Gatsby in her heart till the very day she stepped to the altar with Tom. â€Å"Here deares. She groped around in a waste-basket she had with her on the bed and pulled out the strings of pearls.†Take ‘em down-stairs and give ‘em back to whoever they belong to. Tell ‘em Daisy’s change’ her mine. Say; Daisy’s change her mine!† (Fitzgerald, 1925). She wanted to break free, but she did not have the strength or social support to run from the marriage. Jordon is quite cognizant to Daisy’s opposition, yet enables the proceedings of the wedding to take place. Gatsby was no where to be found. She allows herself to be entrapped. Daisy has no lofty aspirations to be a liberated woman. â€Å"I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool-that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.† (pg.85 Fitzgerald, 1925). She still has a very childlike way of approaching life and communicating with her spouse. Gatsby is a catalyst and extracts conflict out of Daisy. Without the conflict she would very gladly go about life in her childish oblivion, with Tom as her keeper. Myrtle Wilson is the most tragic character of all. She is the most oppressed one. Daisy has economic and social mobility. Myrtle is poor and married to an earnest man, who does love her, yet Tom Buchanan provides her with things her husband can not as his mistress. The double life she leads is not conducive towards her well being. She tolerates abuse from Tom and does not even have the security of being his wife. â€Å"Daisy! Daisy! Daisy! Shouted Mrs. Wilson. ‘I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai-. Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand.† In the end Myrtle dies in a strange twist of feet in a vehicular accident with Daisy in the car she was hit by. â€Å"The first requirement of mental health was to have an uninhibited sex life. If you would be well and happy, you must obey your libido.† (Allen,1931). Jordan, Daisy, and Myrtle do just that. Fitzgerald makes Jordon the actual golden girl. She engages in lascivious behavior. Yet it is how she goes about it is the difference in the quality of her character. This is why Fitzgerald keeps her character out of trouble. Daisy and Myrtle fulfill their libido through adulterous means. Jordon stays single and plays the field. She breaks no marriage vows; she just breaks the mold and sets a new standard in regards to feminine paradigms. Her class and athletic ability allow her to do so. Jordon is ultimately the grounded lady albeit a maverick for her time, she still keeps grace and composure through out the novel. Thus is the difference between her and the other main female characters. Reference List 1) Fitzgerald, F.Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. Ney York, NY: Simon Schuster. 2) Lewis, Frederick (1931). Only Yesterday. New York, NY: Harper Row. 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